## GtkBuilder GtkBuilder — Build an interface from an XML UI definition |

## Synopsis

    #include <gtk/gtk.h>

    struct              GtkBuilder;
    void                (*GtkBuilderConnectFunc)            (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             GObject *object,
                                                             const gchar *signal_name,
                                                             const gchar *handler_name,
                                                             GObject *connect_object,
                                                             GConnectFlags flags,
                                                             gpointer user_data);
    enum                GtkBuilderError;
    GtkBuilder *        gtk_builder_new                     (void);
    guint               gtk_builder_add_from_file           (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const gchar *filename,
                                                             GError **error);
    guint               gtk_builder_add_from_resource       (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const gchar *resource_path,
                                                             GError **error);
    guint               gtk_builder_add_from_string         (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const gchar *buffer,
                                                             gsize length,
                                                             GError **error);
    guint               gtk_builder_add_objects_from_file   (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const gchar *filename,
                                                             gchar **object_ids,
                                                             GError **error);
    guint               gtk_builder_add_objects_from_string (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const gchar *buffer,
                                                             gsize length,
                                                             gchar **object_ids,
                                                             GError **error);
    GObject *           gtk_builder_get_object              (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const gchar *name);
    GSList *            gtk_builder_get_objects             (GtkBuilder *builder);
    void                gtk_builder_connect_signals         (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             gpointer user_data);
    void                gtk_builder_connect_signals_full    (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             GtkBuilderConnectFunc func,
                                                             gpointer user_data);
    void                gtk_builder_set_translation_domain  (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const gchar *domain);
    const gchar *       gtk_builder_get_translation_domain  (GtkBuilder *builder);
    GType               gtk_builder_get_type_from_name      (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const char *type_name);
    gboolean            gtk_builder_value_from_string       (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             GParamSpec *pspec,
                                                             const gchar *string,
                                                             GValue *value,
                                                             GError **error);
    gboolean            gtk_builder_value_from_string_type  (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             GType type,
                                                             const gchar *string,
                                                             GValue *value,
                                                             GError **error);
    #define             GTK_BUILDER_WARN_INVALID_CHILD_TYPE (object,
                                                             type)
    #define             GTK_BUILDER_ERROR

## Object Hierarchy

      GObject
       +----GtkBuilder

## Properties

      "translation-domain"       gchar*                : Read / Write

## Description

A GtkBuilder is an auxiliary object that reads textual descriptions of a user interface and instantiates the described objects. To pass a description to a GtkBuilder, call `gtk_builder_add_from_file()` or `gtk_builder_add_from_string()`. These functions can be called multiple times; the builder merges the content of all descriptions.

A GtkBuilder holds a reference to all objects that it has constructed and drops these references when it is finalized. This finalization can cause the destruction of non-widget objects or widgets which are not contained in a toplevel window. For toplevel windows constructed by a builder, it is the responsibility of the user to call `gtk_widget_destroy()` to get rid of them and all the widgets they contain.

The functions `gtk_builder_get_object()` and `gtk_builder_get_objects()` can be used to access the widgets in the interface by the names assigned to them inside the UI description. Toplevel windows returned by these functions will stay around until the user explicitly destroys them with `gtk_widget_destroy()`. Other widgets will either be part of a larger hierarchy constructed by the builder (in which case you should not have to worry about their lifecycle), or without a parent, in which case they have to be added to some container to make use of them. Non-widget objects need to be reffed with `g_object_ref()` to keep them beyond the lifespan of the builder.

The function `gtk_builder_connect_signals()` and variants thereof can be used to connect handlers to the named signals in the description.

### GtkBuilder UI Definitions

GtkBuilder parses textual descriptions of user interfaces which are specified in an XML format which can be roughly described by the RELAX NG schema below. We refer to these descriptions as GtkBuilder UI definitions or just UI definitions if the context is clear. Do not confuse GtkBuilder UI Definitions with GtkUIManager UI Definitions, which are more limited in scope.

    start = element interface {
      attribute domain { text } ?,
      ( requires | object | menu ) *
    }

    requires = element requires {
      attribute lib { text },
      attribute version { text }
    }

    object = element object {
      attribute id { xsd:ID },
      attribute class { text },
      attribute type-func { text } ?,
      attribute constructor { text } ?,
      (property | signal | child | ANY) *
    }

    property = element property {
      attribute name { text },
      attribute translatable { "yes" | "no" } ?,
      attribute comments { text } ?,
      attribute context { text } ?,
      text ?
    }

    signal = element signal {
      attribute name { text },
      attribute handler { text },
      attribute after { text } ?,
      attribute swapped { text } ?,
      attribute object { text } ?,
      attribute last_modification_time { text } ?,
      empty
    }

    child = element child {
      attribute type { text } ?,
      attribute internal-child { text } ?,
      (object | ANY)*
    }

    menu = element menu {
      attribute id { xsd:ID },
      attribute domain { text } ?,
      (item | submenu | section) *
    }

    item = element item {
      attribute id { xsd:ID } ?,
      (attribute_ | link) *
    }

    attribute_ = element attribute {
      attribute name { text },
      attribute type { text } ?,
      attribute translatable { "yes" | "no" } ?,
      attribute context { text } ?,
      attribute comments { text } ?,
      text ?
    }

    link = element link {
      attribute id { xsd:ID } ?,
      attribute name { text },
      item *
    }

    submenu = element submenu {
      attribute id { xsd:ID } ?,
      (attribute_ | item | submenu | section) *
    }

    section = element section {
      attribute id { xsd:ID } ?,
      (attribute_ | item | submenu | section) *
    }

    ANY = element * - (interface | requires | object | property | signal | child | menu | item | attribute | link | submenu | section) {
      attribute * { text } *,
      (ALL * & text ?)
    }
    ALL = element * {
      attribute * { text } *,
      (ALL * & text ?)
    }

The toplevel element is <interface>. It optionally takes a "domain" attribute, which will make the builder look for translated strings using `dgettext()` in the domain specified. This can also be done by calling `gtk_builder_set_translation_domain()` on the builder. Objects are described by <object> elements, which can contain <property> elements to set properties, <signal> elements which connect signals to handlers, and <child> elements, which describe child objects (most often widgets inside a container, but also e.g. actions in an action group, or columns in a tree model). A <child> element contains an <object> element which describes the child object. The target toolkit version(s) are described by <requires> elements, the "lib" attribute specifies the widget library in question (currently the only supported value is "gtk+") and the "version" attribute specifies the target version in the form "<major>.<minor>". The builder will error out if the version requirements are not met.

Typically, the specific kind of object represented by an <object> element is specified by the "class" attribute. If the type has not been loaded yet, GTK+ tries to find the ``_get_type()`` from the class name by applying heuristics. This works in most cases, but if necessary, it is possible to specify the name of the ``_get_type()`` explictly with the "type-func" attribute. As a special case, GtkBuilder allows to use an object that has been constructed by a GtkUIManager in another part of the UI definition by specifying the id of the GtkUIManager in the "constructor" attribute and the name of the object in the "id" attribute.

Objects must be given a name with the "id" attribute, which allows the application to retrieve them from the builder with `gtk_builder_get_object()`. An id is also necessary to use the object as property value in other parts of the UI definition.

### Note

Prior to 2.20, GtkBuilder was setting the "name" property of constructed widgets to the "id" attribute. In GTK+ 2.20 or newer, you have to use `gtk_buildable_get_name()` instead of `gtk_widget_get_name()` to obtain the "id", or set the "name" property in your UI definition.

Setting properties of objects is pretty straightforward with the <property> element: the "name" attribute specifies the name of the property, and the content of the element specifies the value. If the "translatable" attribute is set to a true value, GTK+ uses `gettext()` (or `dgettext()` if the builder has a translation domain set) to find a translation for the value. This happens before the value is parsed, so it can be used for properties of any type, but it is probably most useful for string properties. It is also possible to specify a context to disambiguate short strings, and comments which may help the translators.

GtkBuilder can parse textual representations for the most common property types: characters, strings, integers, floating-point numbers, booleans (strings like "TRUE", "t", "yes", "y", "1" are interpreted as `TRUE`, strings like "FALSE, "f", "no", "n", "0" are interpreted as `FALSE`), enumerations (can be specified by their name, nick or integer value), flags (can be specified by their name, nick, integer value, optionally combined with "|", e.g. "GTK_VISIBLE|GTK_REALIZED") and colors (in a format understood by `gdk_color_parse()`). Objects can be referred to by their name. Pixbufs can be specified as a filename of an image file to load. In general, GtkBuilder allows forward references to objects — an object doesn't have to be constructed before it can be referred to. The exception to this rule is that an object has to be constructed before it can be used as the value of a construct-only property.

Signal handlers are set up with the <signal> element. The "name" attribute specifies the name of the signal, and the "handler" attribute specifies the function to connect to the signal. By default, GTK+ tries to find the handler using `g_module_symbol()`, but this can be changed by passing a custom GtkBuilderConnectFunc to `gtk_builder_connect_signals_full()`. The remaining attributes, "after", "swapped" and "object", have the same meaning as the corresponding parameters of the `g_signal_connect_object()` or `g_signal_connect_data()` functions. A "last_modification_time" attribute is also allowed, but it does not have a meaning to the builder.

Sometimes it is necessary to refer to widgets which have implicitly been constructed by GTK+ as part of a composite widget, to set properties on them or to add further children (e.g. the `vbox` of a GtkDialog). This can be achieved by setting the "internal-child" propery of the <child> element to a true value. Note that GtkBuilder still requires an <object> element for the internal child, even if it has already been constructed.

A number of widgets have different places where a child can be added (e.g. tabs vs. page content in notebooks). This can be reflected in a UI definition by specifying the "type" attribute on a <child>. The possible values for the "type" attribute are described in the sections describing the widget-specific portions of UI definitions.

Example 109. A GtkBuilder UI Definition

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    17
    18
    19
    20
    21
    <interface>
      <object class="GtkDialog" id="dialog1">
        <child internal-child="vbox">
          <object class="GtkVBox" id="vbox1">
            <property name="border-width">10</property>
            <child internal-child="action_area">
              <object class="GtkHButtonBox" id="hbuttonbox1">
                <property name="border-width">20</property>
                <child>
                  <object class="GtkButton" id="ok_button">
                    <property name="label">gtk-ok</property>
                    <property name="use-stock">TRUE</property>
                    <signal name="clicked" handler="ok_button_clicked"/>
                  </object>
                </child>
              </object>
            </child>
          </object>
        </child>
      </object>
    </interface>

Beyond this general structure, several object classes define their own XML DTD fragments for filling in the ANY placeholders in the DTD above. Note that a custom element in a <child> element gets parsed by the custom tag handler of the parent object, while a custom element in an <object> element gets parsed by the custom tag handler of the object.

These XML fragments are explained in the documentation of the respective objects, see GtkWidget, GtkLabel, GtkWindow, GtkContainer, GtkDialog, GtkCellLayout, GtkColorSelectionDialog, GtkFontSelectionDialog, GtkExpander, GtkFrame, GtkListStore, GtkTreeStore, GtkNotebook, GtkSizeGroup, GtkTreeView, GtkUIManager, GtkActionGroup. GtkMenuItem, GtkMenuToolButton, GtkAssistant, GtkScale, GtkComboBoxText, GtkRecentFilter, GtkFileFilter, GtkTextTagTable.

### Embedding other XML

Apart from the language for UI descriptions that has been explained in the previous section, GtkBuilder can also parse XML fragments of GMenu markup. The resulting GMenu object and its named submenus are available via `gtk_builder_get_object()` like other constructed objects.

## Details

### struct GtkBuilder

    struct GtkBuilder;

### GtkBuilderConnectFunc ()

    void                (*GtkBuilderConnectFunc)            (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             GObject *object,
                                                             const gchar *signal_name,
                                                             const gchar *handler_name,
                                                             GObject *connect_object,
                                                             GConnectFlags flags,
                                                             gpointer user_data);

This is the signature of a function used to connect signals. It is used by the `gtk_builder_connect_signals()` and `gtk_builder_connect_signals_full()` methods. It is mainly intended for interpreted language bindings, but could be useful where the programmer wants more control over the signal connection process. Note that this function can only be called once, subsequent calls will do nothing.

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
`object` : | object to connect a signal to
`signal_name` : | name of the signal
`handler_name` : | name of the handler
`connect_object` : | a GObject, if non-`NULL`, use `g_signal_connect_object()`
`flags` : | GConnectFlags to use
`user_data` : | user data

Since 2.12

### enum GtkBuilderError

    typedef enum {
      GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_INVALID_TYPE_FUNCTION,
      GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_UNHANDLED_TAG,
      GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_MISSING_ATTRIBUTE,
      GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE,
      GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_INVALID_TAG,
      GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_MISSING_PROPERTY_VALUE,
      GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE,
      GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_VERSION_MISMATCH,
      GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_DUPLICATE_ID
    } GtkBuilderError;

Error codes that identify various errors that can occur while using GtkBuilder.

`GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_INVALID_TYPE_FUNCTION` | A type-func attribute didn't name a function that returns a GType.
`GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_UNHANDLED_TAG` | The input contained a tag that GtkBuilder can't handle.
`GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_MISSING_ATTRIBUTE` | An attribute that is required by GtkBuilder was missing.
`GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_INVALID_ATTRIBUTE` | GtkBuilder found an attribute that it doesn't understand.
`GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_INVALID_TAG` | GtkBuilder found a tag that it doesn't understand.
`GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_MISSING_PROPERTY_VALUE` | A required property value was missing.
`GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE` | GtkBuilder couldn't parse some attribute value.
`GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_VERSION_MISMATCH` | The input file requires a newer version of GTK+.
`GTK_BUILDER_ERROR_DUPLICATE_ID` | An object id occurred twice.

### gtk_builder_new ()

    GtkBuilder *        gtk_builder_new                     (void);

Creates a new builder object.

Returns : | a new GtkBuilder object

Since 2.12

### gtk_builder_add_from_file ()

    guint               gtk_builder_add_from_file           (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const gchar *filename,
                                                             GError **error);

Parses a file containing a GtkBuilder UI definition and merges it with the current contents of `builder`.

Upon errors 0 will be returned and `error` will be assigned a GError from the GTK_BUILDER_ERROR, G_MARKUP_ERROR or G_FILE_ERROR domain.

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
`filename` : | the name of the file to parse
`error` : | return location for an error, or `NULL`. [allow-none]
Returns : | A positive value on success, 0 if an error occurred

Since 2.12

### gtk_builder_add_from_resource ()

    guint               gtk_builder_add_from_resource       (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const gchar *resource_path,
                                                             GError **error);

Parses a resource file containing a GtkBuilder UI definition and merges it with the current contents of `builder`.

Upon errors 0 will be returned and `error` will be assigned a GError from the GTK_BUILDER_ERROR, G_MARKUP_ERROR or G_RESOURCE_ERROR domain.

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
`resource_path` : | the path of the resource file to parse
`error` : | return location for an error, or `NULL`. [allow-none]
Returns : | A positive value on success, 0 if an error occurred

Since 3.4

### gtk_builder_add_from_string ()

    guint               gtk_builder_add_from_string         (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const gchar *buffer,
                                                             gsize length,
                                                             GError **error);

Parses a string containing a GtkBuilder UI definition and merges it with the current contents of `builder`.

Upon errors 0 will be returned and `error` will be assigned a GError from the GTK_BUILDER_ERROR or G_MARKUP_ERROR domain.

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
`buffer` : | the string to parse
`length` : | the length of `buffer` (may be -1 if `buffer` is nul-terminated)
`error` : | return location for an error, or `NULL`. [allow-none]
Returns : | A positive value on success, 0 if an error occurred

Since 2.12

### gtk_builder_add_objects_from_file ()

    guint               gtk_builder_add_objects_from_file   (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const gchar *filename,
                                                             gchar **object_ids,
                                                             GError **error);

Parses a file containing a GtkBuilder UI definition building only the requested objects and merges them with the current contents of `builder`.

Upon errors 0 will be returned and `error` will be assigned a GError from the GTK_BUILDER_ERROR, G_MARKUP_ERROR or G_FILE_ERROR domain.

### Note

If you are adding an object that depends on an object that is not its child (for instance a GtkTreeView that depends on its GtkTreeModel), you have to explicitely list all of them in `object_ids`.

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
`filename` : | the name of the file to parse
`object_ids` : | nul-terminated array of objects to build. [array zero-terminated=1][element-type utf8]
`error` : | return location for an error, or `NULL`. [allow-none]
Returns : | A positive value on success, 0 if an error occurred

Since 2.14

### gtk_builder_add_objects_from_string ()

    guint               gtk_builder_add_objects_from_string (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const gchar *buffer,
                                                             gsize length,
                                                             gchar **object_ids,
                                                             GError **error);

Parses a string containing a GtkBuilder UI definition building only the requested objects and merges them with the current contents of `builder`.

Upon errors 0 will be returned and `error` will be assigned a GError from the GTK_BUILDER_ERROR or G_MARKUP_ERROR domain.

### Note

If you are adding an object that depends on an object that is not its child (for instance a GtkTreeView that depends on its GtkTreeModel), you have to explicitely list all of them in `object_ids`.

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
`buffer` : | the string to parse
`length` : | the length of `buffer` (may be -1 if `buffer` is nul-terminated)
`object_ids` : | nul-terminated array of objects to build. [array zero-terminated=1][element-type utf8]
`error` : | return location for an error, or `NULL`. [allow-none]
Returns : | A positive value on success, 0 if an error occurred

Since 2.14

### gtk_builder_get_object ()

    GObject *           gtk_builder_get_object              (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const gchar *name);

Gets the object named `name`. Note that this function does not increment the reference count of the returned object.

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
`name` : | name of object to get
Returns : | the object named `name` or `NULL` if it could not be found in the object tree. [transfer none]

Since 2.12

### gtk_builder_get_objects ()

    GSList *            gtk_builder_get_objects             (GtkBuilder *builder);

Gets all objects that have been constructed by `builder`. Note that this function does not increment the reference counts of the returned objects.

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
Returns : | a newly-allocated GSList containing all the objects constructed by the GtkBuilder instance. It should be freed by `g_slist_free()`. [element-type GObject][transfer container]

Since 2.12

### gtk_builder_connect_signals ()

    void                gtk_builder_connect_signals         (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             gpointer user_data);

This method is a simpler variation of `gtk_builder_connect_signals_full()`. It uses GModule's introspective features (by opening the module `NULL`) to look at the application's symbol table. From here it tries to match the signal handler names given in the interface description with symbols in the application and connects the signals. Note that this function can only be called once, subsequent calls will do nothing.

Note that this function will not work correctly if GModule is not supported on the platform.

When compiling applications for Windows, you must declare signal callbacks with G_MODULE_EXPORT, or they will not be put in the symbol table. On Linux and Unices, this is not necessary; applications should instead be compiled with the -Wl,--export-dynamic CFLAGS, and linked against gmodule-export-2.0.

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
`user_data` : | a pointer to a structure sent in as user data to all signals

Since 2.12

### gtk_builder_connect_signals_full ()

    void                gtk_builder_connect_signals_full    (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             GtkBuilderConnectFunc func,
                                                             gpointer user_data);

This function can be thought of the interpreted language binding version of `gtk_builder_connect_signals()`, except that it does not require GModule to function correctly.

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
`func` : | the function used to connect the signals. [scope call]
`user_data` : | arbitrary data that will be passed to the connection function

Since 2.12

### gtk_builder_set_translation_domain ()

    void                gtk_builder_set_translation_domain  (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const gchar *domain);

Sets the translation domain of `builder`. See "translation-domain".

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
`domain` : | the translation domain or `NULL`. [allow-none]

Since 2.12

### gtk_builder_get_translation_domain ()

    const gchar *       gtk_builder_get_translation_domain  (GtkBuilder *builder);

Gets the translation domain of `builder`.

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
Returns : | the translation domain. This string is owned by the builder object and must not be modified or freed.

Since 2.12

### gtk_builder_get_type_from_name ()

    GType               gtk_builder_get_type_from_name      (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             const char *type_name);

Looks up a type by name, using the virtual function that GtkBuilder has for that purpose. This is mainly used when implementing the GtkBuildable interface on a type.

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
`type_name` : | type name to lookup
Returns : | the GType found for `type_name` or G_TYPE_INVALID if no type was found

Since 2.12

### gtk_builder_value_from_string ()

    gboolean            gtk_builder_value_from_string       (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             GParamSpec *pspec,
                                                             const gchar *string,
                                                             GValue *value,
                                                             GError **error);

This function demarshals a value from a string. This function calls `g_value_init()` on the `value` argument, so it need not be initialised beforehand.

This function can handle char, uchar, boolean, int, uint, long, ulong, enum, flags, float, double, string, GdkColor, GdkRGBA and GtkAdjustment type values. Support for GtkWidget type values is still to come.

Upon errors `FALSE` will be returned and `error` will be assigned a GError from the GTK_BUILDER_ERROR domain.

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
`pspec` : | the GParamSpec for the property
`string` : | the string representation of the value
`value` : | the GValue to store the result in. [out]
`error` : | return location for an error, or `NULL`. [allow-none]
Returns : | `TRUE` on success

Since 2.12

### gtk_builder_value_from_string_type ()

    gboolean            gtk_builder_value_from_string_type  (GtkBuilder *builder,
                                                             GType type,
                                                             const gchar *string,
                                                             GValue *value,
                                                             GError **error);

Like `gtk_builder_value_from_string()`, this function demarshals a value from a string, but takes a GType instead of GParamSpec. This function calls `g_value_init()` on the `value` argument, so it need not be initialised beforehand.

Upon errors `FALSE` will be returned and `error` will be assigned a GError from the GTK_BUILDER_ERROR domain.

`builder` : | a GtkBuilder
`type` : | the GType of the value
`string` : | the string representation of the value
`value` : | the GValue to store the result in. [out]
`error` : | return location for an error, or `NULL`. [allow-none]
Returns : | `TRUE` on success

Since 2.12

### GTK_BUILDER_WARN_INVALID_CHILD_TYPE()

    #define             GTK_BUILDER_WARN_INVALID_CHILD_TYPE(object, type)

This macro should be used to emit a warning about and unexpected `type` value in a GtkBuildable add_child implementation.

`object` : | the GtkBuildable on which the warning ocurred
`type` : | the unexpected type value

### GTK_BUILDER_ERROR

    #define GTK_BUILDER_ERROR                (gtk_builder_error_quark ())

## Property Details

### The `"translation-domain"` property

      "translation-domain"       gchar*                : Read / Write

The translation domain used when translating property values that have been marked as translatable in interface descriptions. If the translation domain is `NULL`, GtkBuilder uses `gettext()`, otherwise `g_dgettext()`.

Default value: NULL

Since 2.12